German emigration peaked later than British s , and Italian even later increasing through Less than one-half of European emigrants went to the U. European Migrants Most European migrants were young, unmarried peasant farmers or village craftsmen. Some ethnic groups, such as Italians, had a high rate of return to their homelands.
For some emigrants, such as Jews from the Russian Empire, emigration was escape from oppression. Asian Migrants About three million Asians as opposed to 60 million Europeans moved abroad before In the s Spain recruited Chinese laborers for Cuban plantations. Peruvian landlords also brought workers from China. European settlers objected to Asian migration for racist reasons and because they feared competition from cheap labor.
By European powers ruled all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia. Imperialism in Asia After the Dutch expanded their control of the Indonesian archipelago. The French took Indochina. The Russians expanded in Central Asia and along the north Chinese frontier.
In reality, most new colonies were not profitable. Colonies were seen however, as important for military bases and naval coaling stations. Colonies were also important for national prestige. Social Darwinist theory predicted death for societies that did not compete in the colonial race.
Technological superiority machine guns, quinine, telegraph, steamships made conquest of new colonies feasible. Conservative political leaders fostered pride in empire as a means of damping down social tension. Shipping companies, military men, and missionaries all advocated colonial expansion. Critics of Imperialism Some Europeans criticized imperialism. Hobson and others argued that colonies only benefited the wealthiest elites in Europe and actually cost ordinary taxpayers money. Responses to Western Imperialism Stages of Response The initial response, as in China, Japan, and Sudan, was to try to drive foreigners away with force.
When this failed, many Asians and Africans retreated to a defense of traditional culture. Others, such as Ismail, the khedive of Egypt, sought to modernize and match the West.
Later, European liberalism provided resisters with an ideology of political self-determination and nationalism. After Britain ruled India directly through a small body of white civil servants. The British offered some Indians, especially upper-caste Hindus, opportunities to serve in government.
Nonetheless, British rule rested ultimately on racism and dictatorship. This provoked the development of Indian nationalism and the foundation of the Indian National Congress in The Example of Japan The initial appearance of Europeans and Americans in Japan provoked violence from radical samurai who wished to expel them by force.
In a group of patriotic samurai overthrew the shogun, restored the Emperor to political power, and undertook an intensive modernization program.
In addition to its emphasis on social history, the Eighth Edition retains the text's hallmark pedagogical features and visual appeal. In order to promote critical thinking, "Listening to the Past" features present primary source documents and "Questions for Analysis" that reinforce themes in social history.
John P. Bennett D. He taught at the University of Maryland and was most recently a visiting professor at Georgetown University. He published two books and many journal articles.
He has published numerous journal articles and written a monograph, The Theban Hegemony, published by Harvard University Press.
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